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Connectors and discourse markers

Linking ideas with the word that states their real relation (cause, consequence, contrast, addition), and building each connector correctly.

Say the relation you mean

Cause: parce que, puisque, étant donné que, en raison de. Consequence: donc, par conséquent, c’est pourquoi. Contrast: cependant, toutefois, en revanche, alors que. Addition: de plus, en outre, par ailleurs.

Par contre is common in speech; in a briefing note, en revanche or toutefois reads better. En effet confirms or explains what came before. It never marks a contrast.

Build them correctly

Some connectors take the subjunctive (bien que, pour que, afin que, à condition que), others the indicative (parce que, alors que, tandis que). In careful writing, prefer bien que to malgré que.

An adverb such as cependant or par conséquent opens a new sentence or follows a semicolon. It does not join two clauses with only a comma.

Examples

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